The staggered-truss structural system incorporating steel trusses was developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1960s. However, designers' interest in the system has lagged ...

Keywords: Retrofitting. Braced steel truss bridge piers. Eccentrically braced frames. Self-stabilizing tubular links. Seismic load resisting systems. Finite element (FE) analyses. Parametric studies.

Many renovated buildings replace wood and masonry structural elements with steel. The replacement of heavy wooden roof and floor joists with the lighter steel open-web bar-truss joists is a common ...