Background This study set out to offer a three-dimensional description of scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) of healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering, as well as to ...

The scapula plays a central role in shoulder function, acting as a dynamic platform that links trunk movement to the upper limb via precise three-dimensional rotations and translations. Scapular ...

Shoulder dysfunction, such as scapular winging, can result from continuous abnormal posture, repetitive movements with abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm, or glenohumeral and scapulothoracic muscle ...

Correspondence to Dr B M Pluim, Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association, PO Box 1617, Amersfoort 3800 BP, The Netherlands; bpluim{at}euronet.nl If you wish to reuse ...