Hydraulic transients, most notably water hammer, represent critical phenomena in fluid transmission systems, involving rapid pressure fluctuations triggered by the sudden opening or closure of valves ...

These graphs compare the pressure/flow characteristics of orifice and capillary restrictors. The characteristic impedance of an orifice restrictor does not vary linearly, so it will not always match ...

Water hammer — violent flow transients in piping — can rupture or collapse pipes, uproot anchors, and cause considerable damage. Here’s a look at the causes, and how to head off problems. • Water ...